Wednesday, March 14, 2018

Chemical Bonds

In my book on physics, published half a year ago, I made the suggestion that electrons are bouncing off of the nuclei of atoms, and that this explains the electron clouds.

Unfortunately, I also made an erroneous suggestion when it comes to chemical bonds. The tiny imbalance in the electrical force, which is responsible for gravity, has nothing to do with chemistry. Chemistry can be explained in its entirety in terms of the bouncing electron, and energy levels associated with various harmonics.

A chemical bond between two atoms happen when their electrons find a resonant frequency that allow them to bounce in between the atomic nuclei involved.

When two hydrogen atoms find each other to form a hydrogen molecule, the two electrons in the combination find a resonant frequency in which they bounce alternatively off one an the other atomic nucleus.


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The electrons become trapped, as it were, between the two hydrogen nuclei. They bounce off of both in resonant harmony.

The inner shell of any atom can hold no more than 2 electrons. This means that larger atoms, such as carbon and oxygen, have several layers of electron clouds. While the inner layer holds no more than two electrons, the outer layers can hold up to 8 electrons each.

Atoms that have these layers filled to perfection do not form chemical bonds because there are no way to produce the sort of resonant jumping back and forth between the atoms. These are the so called noble gases, of which helium and neon are two examples.

All other elements can form chemical bonds.

When a chemical bond is formed, there is first a need to synchronize the electrons involved. There is some pushing and jockeying required. This is the so called energy hill or activation energy.


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Once the activation energy is overcome, a chemical bond is formed.

If the resulting combination has a more optimal configuration of the electrons than before the reaction, energy is released. If it is less optimal, energy is consumed. In the above diagram we have heat being released, provided we read it from left to right. If we read the diagram from right to left, we have energy being consumed.

Going from left to right, we have an exothermic reaction. Going from right to left we have an endothermic reaction.

In the case of water, we know that the production of it from hydrogen and oxygen molecules is an exothermic reaction. The reaction is explosive. It produces a lot of heat. Conversely, producing hydrogen and oxygen from water requires energy and is therefore endothermic.


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The force that binds these molecules together is nothing more exotic than the electrical force. The electrons are attracted to more than one atomic nucleus. When these electrons find ways to resonate between the atoms, they do so. The more optimal the resonances are, the stronger are the chemical bonds formed.

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