Zero-Point Particles

Since Morton Spears' quanta can neither be created nor destroyed, we know that photons cannot appear out of nothing.

To "create" a photon, we have to join an electron and a positron together. This will make the electron and positron disappear in a so called electron-positron annihilation. What appears is a very high energy photon, known as a gamma-ray. This is the opposite process to the electron-positron pair production discussed in the chapter on the photon.

However, we know from everyday experience that light can be created simply by turning a switch. No positrons are involved, and the light created is nothing near as energetic as gamma-rays.

If the light filaments in our lamps cannot create photons directly out of electrical energy, as standard textbook physics will have us believe, how then is light created?

The answer to this is that light is created by exciting a pre-existing pool of very low energy photons.

The way light emission works is that electrons around atomic nuclei start jumping up and down in energy level. When electrons jump up a level, they absorb energy, and everything is fine. However, when they jump down one level, they have to get rid of energy. Since the Velcro model forbids energy from existing outside of matter, the energy freed by an electron jumping down one level has to be absorbed by some pre-existing particle, and that pre-existing particle has to be a photon for the simple reason that light is transmitted by photons.

For the Velcro model to work, there has to be a plentiful pool of available photons with such a low energy to them that they have never been directly observed. To avoid confusion with radio wave photons and other low energy photons, we will call the pool of pre-existing low energy photons zero-point photons.

Zero-point photons are present everywhere, just like the neutrino. Together, neutrinos and the zero-point photons fill the universe. They are to the Velcro model what zero-point energy is to standard quantum physics.

However, compared to zero-point energy, zero-point particles are completely non-magical. There is no mysterious field fluctuation. There are no virtual particles constantly coming into and going out of existence. Zero-point particles are just a bunch of neutrinos and zero-point photons flying around randomly.

Although no-one has ever seen zero-point particles directly, we know that they must be very plentiful for the Velcro model to be correct.

The reason for this is that we can create enormously powerful attracting forces. For this to be possible through the creation of under-pressure, as described in the chapter on the neutrino, there must be a huge pool of neutrinos available to do the actual pushing together.

Under-pressure is not really pressure. The absence of particles in a field does not create action. It is the presence of other particles outside the field that does the actual pushing together of two oppositely charged surfaces.

This is completely analogous with common everyday thermodynamics. When we make a container implode by sucking the air out of it, it is not the absence of air inside the container that does the work. It is the air outside the container that does it.

The same is true for the Velcro model of force. Attracting forces are created by the pressure outside the field vacated by particles. There must therefore be an enormous supply of zero-point particles in order for us to create the enormously strong electric and magnetic forces that we are able to make.

Zero-point particles are the smallest of the smallest particles.