The Structure of the Quantum

The fundamental building blocks of all matter in the universe are the three quanta of negative charge, positive charge and no charge.

As explained by Morton Spears' in his book on gravity and matter, no further subdivision is required to model the observed universe. There is no need to subdivide matter into smaller units. The quantum is the smallest bit of matter we need to imagine in order to explain things.

A photon is the product of six quanta orbiting each other in a tight loop. The electron and positron are each the product of three quanta orbiting each other in a wide loop.

Having come to the conclusion that force lines are the result of photons interacting with each other, it follows that force lines cannot explain the way quanta interact with each other to form basic structures such as photons.

Quite obviously, the components of a field cannot themselves be held together by the field they produce. The only way they can connect is through physical interaction with each other.

This means that there must be a structure to the quanta. They cannot be completely smooth balls, since that would not allow for them to stick together.

The simplest structure I can imagine for the purpose of connecting things together through a purely mechanical mechanism is the Velcro.

We can imagine the negative quanta to be little balls of Velcro hoops. The positive quanta can be thought of as little balls of Velcro hooks, and the neutral quanta are an equal mix of hoops and hooks.

All of these balls move around at tremendous speeds, and they hook together to form structures.

The preferred structure is the photon, consisting of three positive quanta hooked up with three negative quanta. This is the simplest way to produce a daisy chain that connects with itself. Anything less would yield loose ends. Anything more would become complicated an less efficient.

What we end up with is therefore mainly photons. They are daisy chains of three balls with hoops and three balls of hooks, linked together to form a loop.

The quanta in a photon race around in a meandering loop, producing the double vortex structure described in an earlier post.

Free hooks and loops at the surface of the daisy chain connect weakly with other daisy chains when they bump into each other. This is how momentum is transferred from one photon to another.

Neutral quanta are by their nature always interacting weakly with other quanta. Being a mix of hooks and hoops, they do not bind strongly with anything except big and complicated structures. That's why the neutrino is so plentiful in the universe.

Morton Spears' neutral quanta are neutrinos. The only kind of structures they readily bind with are the mighty proton and the even more mighty neutron that make up the nucleus of atoms.

Protons and neutrons must not be confused with the positron and the neutrino. The proton and the neutron are huge assemblies, consisting of thousands of quanta. Compared to the electron, they are giants. Compared to the photon, they are mega-giants.

The photon is the most basic of structures, not because they are the simplest, but because they are the most efficient energy absorbers. However, they are limited in how much energy they can absorb. If they are pushed too far, they break apart into an electron and a positron.

An electron consists of two negative quanta and one positive quantum. However, they do not connect into a ring. The two negative quanta swing around a central positive quantum. This means that electrons have a "hoopy" exterior.

The positron on the other hand is made up of two positive quanta orbiting a central negative quantum. The positrons have a "hooky" exterior.

This distinction is not arbitrary or irrelevant, but significant. It explains why nature is full of free electrons, while positrons all end up entangled in complex relationships.

The hooks are slightly more reactive than the hoops. While hoops only interact with hooks, hooks stick ever so lightly to other hooks. Positrons are therefore slightly more reactive than electrons. Positrons are rarely seen in free form because they react more readily with other quanta.

This again explains the structure of atoms. Positrons are buried in the nucleus together with neutrinos and electrons. Since positrons are slightly more likely to get entangled in large structures, nuclei of atoms end up positively charged. This again attracts free electrons into orbits through the electromagnetic field that the nucleus produces.

Like the nucleus of atoms, electromagnetic fields are large structures, consisting of quanta. But while the nucleus of atoms are bound strongly together, electromagnetic fields are the result of weakly interacting photons.

Electromagnetic fields are infinite structures of weakly interacting photons, while atomic nuclei are precise assemblies of strongly interacting quanta.