Conversely, when we have a chemical reaction in which energy is absorbed, photons become smaller in the process. From bio-chemistry we have photosynthesis as the classical example.
When we want to release energy from a structure such as a piece of wood, we have to heat it to a certain temperature. This resistance to combustion is due to the fact that atoms are not a uniform mix of negative and positive charge.
Each atom has a negative shell around its positive core. This means that two molecules will have to overcome their mutual resistance before combining. There is an "energy hill" that has to be crossed in order to produce the end product.
If the stored energy of the end result is lower than stored energy of the original component, we have an exothermic reaction. The process will move energy away from the atoms in the form of pumped up photons.
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| Activation and reaction energy |
If the stored energy of the end result is higher than the stored energy of the original component, we have an endothermic reaction. The process will move energy from photons to atoms. Photons will become smaller while atoms become bigger.
In both cases, the "energy hill" has a high point above the end result. There is a resistance to change whichever way the process is going.
This general rule applies for nuclear reactions just as much as it applies to chemical processes.
Large atoms such as Uranium can be split through fission to produce energy rich photons. Conversely, atoms can be fused to produce larger atoms when enough energy rich photons are pumped into the system.
The resent discovery that protons are smaller than expected indicate that fusion is always an endothermic process. The only way to release energy through fusion is to use deuterium and similarly heavy isotopes which themselves are produced by nature in an endothermic process.
All exothermic nuclear reactions are produced through fission of some kind. Fusing two heavy isotopes together is in the end a process of fission. The extra energy produced by a previous endothermic process is released.
The "energy hill" encountered in nuclear reactions is due to the fact that all nuclei are positively charged. This "energy hill" is therefore similar to the "energy hill" encountered in chemistry.
However, while the electron clouds around atoms are large and diffuse, the atomic nucleus is small and compact. The energy required to break or build atomic nuclei is therefore of a larger magnitude for all materials that are not radioactive.
Radioactive materials on the other hand release energy readily because their "energy hill" is very low. A random photon bumping into a highly radioactive atom may be enough to trigger a fission reaction.
This is similar to what we have with extremely volatile chemicals. For such chemicals, room temperature is high enough to cause reactions with other chemicals.
In addition to chemical and nuclear bindings, the Velcro universe predicts the existence of gravitational binding energies. Large objects will release energy in the form of high energy photons if split into two smaller objects.
Stellar fission of this kind is predicted by other theories too, and a common type of supernova is attributed to this. Large objects can become electrically stressed. They split in order to share the stress over a larger surface. This process releases a lot of energy.
Stellar fusion on the other hand is a process in which two stellar objects combine through collision.
For this to happen, the mutual repelling force between the surfaces of such objects will have to be overcome. The "energy hill" preventing stellar fusion and fission from happening spontaneously is due to the surface charge of stellar objects.
The surface charge keeps large objects from colliding with each other. It also keeps large objects from falling apart at the slightest stress.
In both cases, the "energy hill" has a high point above the end result. There is a resistance to change whichever way the process is going.
This general rule applies for nuclear reactions just as much as it applies to chemical processes.
Large atoms such as Uranium can be split through fission to produce energy rich photons. Conversely, atoms can be fused to produce larger atoms when enough energy rich photons are pumped into the system.
The resent discovery that protons are smaller than expected indicate that fusion is always an endothermic process. The only way to release energy through fusion is to use deuterium and similarly heavy isotopes which themselves are produced by nature in an endothermic process.
All exothermic nuclear reactions are produced through fission of some kind. Fusing two heavy isotopes together is in the end a process of fission. The extra energy produced by a previous endothermic process is released.
The "energy hill" encountered in nuclear reactions is due to the fact that all nuclei are positively charged. This "energy hill" is therefore similar to the "energy hill" encountered in chemistry.
However, while the electron clouds around atoms are large and diffuse, the atomic nucleus is small and compact. The energy required to break or build atomic nuclei is therefore of a larger magnitude for all materials that are not radioactive.
Radioactive materials on the other hand release energy readily because their "energy hill" is very low. A random photon bumping into a highly radioactive atom may be enough to trigger a fission reaction.
This is similar to what we have with extremely volatile chemicals. For such chemicals, room temperature is high enough to cause reactions with other chemicals.
In addition to chemical and nuclear bindings, the Velcro universe predicts the existence of gravitational binding energies. Large objects will release energy in the form of high energy photons if split into two smaller objects.
Stellar fission of this kind is predicted by other theories too, and a common type of supernova is attributed to this. Large objects can become electrically stressed. They split in order to share the stress over a larger surface. This process releases a lot of energy.
Stellar fusion on the other hand is a process in which two stellar objects combine through collision.
For this to happen, the mutual repelling force between the surfaces of such objects will have to be overcome. The "energy hill" preventing stellar fusion and fission from happening spontaneously is due to the surface charge of stellar objects.
The surface charge keeps large objects from colliding with each other. It also keeps large objects from falling apart at the slightest stress.
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