In my post on the speed of light, I arrived at the conclusion that time is dependent on the availability of photons. Without photons, there would be no time.
I also pointed out that the speed of light was such that it would go to zero if there were no neutrinos.
Since speed is distance traveled over time, we get that another way to interpret a zero value for the speed of light is an absence of distance.
It appears then, that space depends on the availability of neutrinos. Without neutrinos, there would be no space.
Using the Velcro model of physics, we get that space and time each have their own particle. The neutrino is the particle of space. The photon is the particle of time. Together, they form the universe as we know it.
Thursday, September 7, 2017
The Speed of Light
In this article about the speed of light, a very interesting relationship between electric permittivity and the magnetic constant is presented:
The constants e and u cannot be derived from theory, but must be measured. This again, corresponds to the Velcro model in which the availability of neutrinos and zero-point particles must be measured, as they are variables, rather than constants.
This in turn means that the speed of light, which applies to both the neutrino and the photon, is dependent on their availability!
Permittivity is a measure of electric resistance, so an infinite permittivity would, in the Velcro model, mean that there are no neutrinos available. In such a case, the speed of light would go to zero!
The magnetic constant u is, in the Velcro model, a measure of the availability of photons. In a case where there are no photons available, zero-point or otherwise, the speed of light would go to infinity! Neutrinos will move infinitely fast in space if it was not for zero-point photons getting in their way!
In light of the Velcro model, we are getting a picture in which the speed of light is dependent on the availability of photons and neutrinos.
Furthermore, the speed of light is a mathematical construct made up of distance and time. If we assume distance to be a constant in the universe, then time is dependent on the availability of neutrinos and photons. Instead of saying that neutrinos will go infinitely fast in the absence of photons, we can say that time will stop if there are no photons available.
Time is dependent on the availability of photons.
c = 1/(e u)^1/2where
c = speed of lightWhat is particularly interesting about this is that the speed of light is only dependent on electric and magnetic forces. This corresponds exactly to the zero-point particles in the Velcro model.
e = electric permittivity
u = magnetic constant
The constants e and u cannot be derived from theory, but must be measured. This again, corresponds to the Velcro model in which the availability of neutrinos and zero-point particles must be measured, as they are variables, rather than constants.
This in turn means that the speed of light, which applies to both the neutrino and the photon, is dependent on their availability!
Permittivity is a measure of electric resistance, so an infinite permittivity would, in the Velcro model, mean that there are no neutrinos available. In such a case, the speed of light would go to zero!
The magnetic constant u is, in the Velcro model, a measure of the availability of photons. In a case where there are no photons available, zero-point or otherwise, the speed of light would go to infinity! Neutrinos will move infinitely fast in space if it was not for zero-point photons getting in their way!
In light of the Velcro model, we are getting a picture in which the speed of light is dependent on the availability of photons and neutrinos.
Furthermore, the speed of light is a mathematical construct made up of distance and time. If we assume distance to be a constant in the universe, then time is dependent on the availability of neutrinos and photons. Instead of saying that neutrinos will go infinitely fast in the absence of photons, we can say that time will stop if there are no photons available.
Time is dependent on the availability of photons.
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| An aether of zero-point particles surrounding an electron |
Wednesday, September 6, 2017
Inertial Mass vs. Gravitational Mass
The term mass in physics is used to refer to both gravitational mass and inertial mass. However, the two things are not the same. They are two very different manifestation. Inertia is the resistance to change in energy, something that is directly proportional to the size of atomic nuclei, while gravity is the residual attracting force between neutral objects due to a tiny affinity between positively charged neutrinos. This too happens to be directly proportional to the size of atomic nuclei.
The direct relationship between measured inertia and measured weight due to gravity is entirely due to the fact that both entities depend directly on the size of atomic nuclei. However, gravity is also related to capacitance. A large body carrying a lot of charge will exert a stronger gravitational pull on other objects than an equally large body carrying less charge. Gravity is directly proportional to the size of atomic nuclei and the charge difference of the capacitor in which the nuclei are located.
The overall effect of this is that the inertial mass of a large charged body will appear to be more than it really is to anyone ignorant of the importance of capacitance. People who assume that inertial mass and gravitational mass both reflect on atomic nuclei alone, will get incorrect results when they try to calculate inertia based on gravity.
The reason Mars has about 70% weaker surface gravity than Earth, despite being only 50% smaller in diameter, is not because Earth is more dense than Mars, but because Earth is a lot more charged than Mars.
The direct relationship between measured inertia and measured weight due to gravity is entirely due to the fact that both entities depend directly on the size of atomic nuclei. However, gravity is also related to capacitance. A large body carrying a lot of charge will exert a stronger gravitational pull on other objects than an equally large body carrying less charge. Gravity is directly proportional to the size of atomic nuclei and the charge difference of the capacitor in which the nuclei are located.
The overall effect of this is that the inertial mass of a large charged body will appear to be more than it really is to anyone ignorant of the importance of capacitance. People who assume that inertial mass and gravitational mass both reflect on atomic nuclei alone, will get incorrect results when they try to calculate inertia based on gravity.
The reason Mars has about 70% weaker surface gravity than Earth, despite being only 50% smaller in diameter, is not because Earth is more dense than Mars, but because Earth is a lot more charged than Mars.
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| Mars |
By NASA / USGS (see PIA04304 catalog page) - http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/photogallery-mars.html http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/planetary/mars/marsglobe1.jpg, Public Domain, Link
How Capacitance Influences Gravity
In the chapter on planets, moons and stars in my book on the subject, I explain gravity as a force present in the universe due to the fact that positively charged particles are slightly more reactive than negatively charged particles.
When there is a large number of neutrinos with a net overall charge of zero in a field between two bodies, there remains a tiny bit of under-pressure due to the reactivity of positive neutrinos bouncing off other positive neutrinos.
This effect is not due to the overall charge of the system. It is due entirely to the overall number of charged neutrinos. The more charge carrying neutrinos there are, the stronger is the gravitational force, even if the net electrical force remains zero.
Another factor that may be of importance is to what degree the individual neutrinos are charged.
The more heavily polarized the body is, the more intensely charged will be the neutrinos. Again, it is unimportant whether there is any net charge in the system. The gravitational effect will increase if the neutrinos are more charged, even if the system as a whole is neutral.
This means that a heavily charged body may end up with a greater gravitational pull than if it was electrical neutral. An enormous capacitor like our planet may therefore see its gravitational pull increase for no other reason than its expansion, and hence increased capacitance and charge.
When there is a large number of neutrinos with a net overall charge of zero in a field between two bodies, there remains a tiny bit of under-pressure due to the reactivity of positive neutrinos bouncing off other positive neutrinos.
This effect is not due to the overall charge of the system. It is due entirely to the overall number of charged neutrinos. The more charge carrying neutrinos there are, the stronger is the gravitational force, even if the net electrical force remains zero.
Another factor that may be of importance is to what degree the individual neutrinos are charged.
The more heavily polarized the body is, the more intensely charged will be the neutrinos. Again, it is unimportant whether there is any net charge in the system. The gravitational effect will increase if the neutrinos are more charged, even if the system as a whole is neutral.
This means that a heavily charged body may end up with a greater gravitational pull than if it was electrical neutral. An enormous capacitor like our planet may therefore see its gravitational pull increase for no other reason than its expansion, and hence increased capacitance and charge.
Tuesday, September 5, 2017
Gold Never Gets Old
Everything we know grows old over time. Nothing lasts for ever. Houses need maintenance, cars even more so. Electronics are old before you know it, software almost immediately.
There is only one exception to this.
Gold never gets old. It is as shiny today as it was a thousand years ago, and it will be as shiny as it is today a thousand years into the future. When all things around us have been turned to rubble, and software innovations like Google, Facebook and Bitcoin are long forgotten, gold will be as shiny and coveted as ever.
Does this mean that gold is a better investment than anything else?
No, of course not. We cannot live in a piece of gold. We cannot drive in it, or communicate with each other with it. Gold is not an investment into a better life for ourselves now. Gold is a store of value for the future. That's really all that it is from an investment perspective. As such, it is unrivaled. Nothing can destroy it. Nothing can tarnish it. Nothing will ever replace it. It is the safest possible place to put your savings for the future.
Monday, September 4, 2017
Free Will
Free will is one of those ideas that do not really reflect on anything real. It is at best vaguely defined, and the result is that any discussion on the topic tends to get bogged down in all sorts of details that have nothing to do with what the concept presumably is.
Free will has nothing to do with whether or not we live in a mechanical universe. Rather, it is related to the fact that the precise state of our universe is unknowable.
Because we cannot know the precise state of the universe, we have to calculate the probability of certain outcomes in order to take action, and it is this calculation that we call free will.
The fact that the calculation is done by a biological organism that had no choice but to make the calculation as it turned out, does not rob the calculation from its status as free will.
We may be mechanical beings with no choice but to produce a certain calculation, based on purely mechanical, and therefore deterministic, criteria. However, the outcome is in fact unknowable, because the initial state was unknowable, so there is no way of calculating with absolute certainty what will happen if a certain choice is made.
There is therefore a need for a feedback loop in which there is reward for good calculations and punishment for bad calculations.
If a biological organism keeps miss-calculating the outcome of certain choices, it will end up starved, killed or otherwise incapable of reproduction. This applies to life in a society of people just as much as life in a jungle.
The feedback loop must be present for the organism to function correctly. Any attempt at tinkering with the feedback loop will end in sub-optimal performance by the organism. In a society, dangerous and damaging behavior must be punished, or there will be no correction.
The fact that some people are criminally disposed from birth does not diminish the need or fairness of just judgement.
Political tinkering with the feedback loop is always a bad idea, be it in the form of welfare hand outs to poor people, or bailout to the rich. Taxes, subsidies, punishment for crimes with no victim, moralistic conditioning, etc. It's all counter productive.
Finally, even machines can have free will. All that is required to build a machine with free will is a decision making algorithm in which outside responses to actions are fed back into the calculating circuit. There is nothing mysterious about the concept when properly defined.
Free will has nothing to do with whether or not we live in a mechanical universe. Rather, it is related to the fact that the precise state of our universe is unknowable.
Because we cannot know the precise state of the universe, we have to calculate the probability of certain outcomes in order to take action, and it is this calculation that we call free will.
The fact that the calculation is done by a biological organism that had no choice but to make the calculation as it turned out, does not rob the calculation from its status as free will.
We may be mechanical beings with no choice but to produce a certain calculation, based on purely mechanical, and therefore deterministic, criteria. However, the outcome is in fact unknowable, because the initial state was unknowable, so there is no way of calculating with absolute certainty what will happen if a certain choice is made.
There is therefore a need for a feedback loop in which there is reward for good calculations and punishment for bad calculations.
If a biological organism keeps miss-calculating the outcome of certain choices, it will end up starved, killed or otherwise incapable of reproduction. This applies to life in a society of people just as much as life in a jungle.
The feedback loop must be present for the organism to function correctly. Any attempt at tinkering with the feedback loop will end in sub-optimal performance by the organism. In a society, dangerous and damaging behavior must be punished, or there will be no correction.
The fact that some people are criminally disposed from birth does not diminish the need or fairness of just judgement.
Political tinkering with the feedback loop is always a bad idea, be it in the form of welfare hand outs to poor people, or bailout to the rich. Taxes, subsidies, punishment for crimes with no victim, moralistic conditioning, etc. It's all counter productive.
Finally, even machines can have free will. All that is required to build a machine with free will is a decision making algorithm in which outside responses to actions are fed back into the calculating circuit. There is nothing mysterious about the concept when properly defined.
Memory
According to the Velcro model of the universe, neutrinos carry information that is translated into action on collision with other neutrinos.
This means that neutrinos carry memory. They have imprinted in them the state of the last surface they touched.
Could it be that biological organisms exploit this ability by the neutrino to remember things when constructing memory cells for themselves? Could charge carrying neutrinos somehow get trapped into little circuits?
This means that neutrinos carry memory. They have imprinted in them the state of the last surface they touched.
Could it be that biological organisms exploit this ability by the neutrino to remember things when constructing memory cells for themselves? Could charge carrying neutrinos somehow get trapped into little circuits?
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