Note: The reasoning in this blog post is flawed.
A better way to view acceleration and blue shift is explained in Energy as Size and Mirror Moving Through Space.
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Energy was of no help when it came to understanding the way neutrinos and photons relate to space and time. However, when it comes to acceleration, energy is the way to go.
Let us consider a spaceship accelerating through space. The inhabitants of the spaceship are unaware of anything unusual going on inside the ship. But when they look out of the spaceship they notice something interesting.
Light coming from objects to the front of the spaceship blue-shifts. Light coming from behind red-shifts.
This means that there is more energy in the photons coming from the front of the space ship than the light coming from behind.
If the spaceship is externally powered by a source that can be considered stationary relative to the reference frame, the photons reaching the spaceship from this source, placed behind the spaceship, will become increasingly red-shifted. At the same time, random low energy photons hitting the spaceship from the front will become increasingly energetic.
The energy transferred to the spaceship from behind starts tending towards zero while the energy of even the most innocent of photons hitting the spaceship from the front becomes super-energetic.
It is therefore impossible to accelerate a spaceship all the way up to the speed of light.
There is no way around this. Rocket fuel provided by the spaceship itself will not be much more effective. As soon as it is dumped out at the back and ignited, the fuel source is traveling slower than the spaceship. It may still be traveling very close to the same speed as the spaceship, but its effectiveness will diminish as the spaceship accelerates.
Furthermore, the torrent of energetic photons from the front will be such that if the spaceship was to stop pouring out rocket fuel to its back, the spaceship would in fact be slowed down.
The tendency of any reference frame is to make everything inside of it stand still relative to everything else.
This is not noticeable at modest speeds, but as is the case with the spaceship, anything moving contrary to the reference frame will have energetic blue-shifted photons hitting it from the front and red-shifted weakling photons hitting it from behind. Given enough time, photons will slow down any object moving contrary to the general reference frame.
Complete rest of an object is obtained when the energy of photons hitting it is equal on all sides.
Tuesday, September 12, 2017
Adding Photons to the System
Having finally found a straight forward explanation for the relationship between neutrinos and space, it's time to return to the photon.
Taking lessons from what I concluded about the neutrino, I see that my earlier attempts at explaining how time is influenced by the presence of photons has some rather glaring flaws in them.
First of all, any change in the density of photons in a region should have the same kind of undetectable effect that changes in neutrinos have. This is the essence of relativity. Local changes to the number of photons or neutrinos have no local effect. It is only when the local space is compared to another space that the difference can be observed.
Also, understanding energy is not the key to understanding time. Energy is related to size, and work is related to time, so the whole work and energy side of things are tied up to time and space. But that is not the best approach to understand time.
A source of confusion when it comes to photons and time is that photons are more plentiful in a repelling magnetic field than an attracting magnetic field. The temptation is therefore to conclude that things grow larger in a repelling magnetic field, just like they grow larger in a repelling electric field.
However, photons do not convey the electric force. Things do not grow larger when photons are added. Rather, the opposite must be happening.
Adding photons to a system comes at the expense of neutrinos. For every photon added to a space, a couple of neutrinos will have to leave. With no electric field to keep the neutrinos inside a repelling magnetic field, neutrinos get expelled. Things get smaller, and time speeds up, as seen from the outside.
Inside a repelling magnetic field, we have the exact same situation as inside an attracting electric field, and visa versa. Increase the number of photons in a region of space and things inside the region will shrink, making the ticks of the clocks more frequent. Decrease the number of photons in the same region, and things will swell up, making the ticks of the clocks less frequent.
In light of this, we can make the general assertion that space and time are related to the density of neutrinos and photons, in such a way that the speed of light remains a constant, no matter what changes are made to the density of these particles.
Taking lessons from what I concluded about the neutrino, I see that my earlier attempts at explaining how time is influenced by the presence of photons has some rather glaring flaws in them.
First of all, any change in the density of photons in a region should have the same kind of undetectable effect that changes in neutrinos have. This is the essence of relativity. Local changes to the number of photons or neutrinos have no local effect. It is only when the local space is compared to another space that the difference can be observed.
Also, understanding energy is not the key to understanding time. Energy is related to size, and work is related to time, so the whole work and energy side of things are tied up to time and space. But that is not the best approach to understand time.
A source of confusion when it comes to photons and time is that photons are more plentiful in a repelling magnetic field than an attracting magnetic field. The temptation is therefore to conclude that things grow larger in a repelling magnetic field, just like they grow larger in a repelling electric field.
However, photons do not convey the electric force. Things do not grow larger when photons are added. Rather, the opposite must be happening.
Adding photons to a system comes at the expense of neutrinos. For every photon added to a space, a couple of neutrinos will have to leave. With no electric field to keep the neutrinos inside a repelling magnetic field, neutrinos get expelled. Things get smaller, and time speeds up, as seen from the outside.
Inside a repelling magnetic field, we have the exact same situation as inside an attracting electric field, and visa versa. Increase the number of photons in a region of space and things inside the region will shrink, making the ticks of the clocks more frequent. Decrease the number of photons in the same region, and things will swell up, making the ticks of the clocks less frequent.
In light of this, we can make the general assertion that space and time are related to the density of neutrinos and photons, in such a way that the speed of light remains a constant, no matter what changes are made to the density of these particles.
The Importance of Neutrinos
With neutrinos responsible for communicating the electric force, everything from the subatomic to the astronomical expands if neutrino density increases It's not just the sub-atomic and molecular that expands when there are more neutrinos available. However, none of this is detectable by a local observer. He too expands, and his clocks, biological, mechanical or nuclear, all slow down. Any detectable change in orbits, gravity, inertia, etc, is not due to a change in the number of neutrinos, but a change in some other parameter. A change in the number of neutrinos has no local effect whatsoever.
Even the electric constant for permittivity will remain unchanged. This is because time and distance is used to determine this constant. The only possible ways to detect a difference is for the local observer to either look out of his reference frame, in which case he will see thing around him having changed size and speed, or he has to count the number of neutrinos in a given volume of space, in which case he will discover a difference.
The casual observer, discovering a local change in number of neutrinos may very well conclude that neutrinos have no physical function. After all, the observer cannot see anything locally to suggest something is going on. However, once the observer looks out of his reference space he may realize the connection between what is happening and the density of neutrinos measured.
If the number of neutrinos in a given volume of space has increased, things around the observer will have become smaller and more frantic. If there is a detectable decrease in local neutrinos, things around the observer will look bigger and more sluggish.
The effect of an increase or decrease in neutrinos can only be detected when measured relative to another space. The easiest way to do this is to set up an electric field. This will increase or decrease the number of neutrinos in the affected region by either trapping them or expelling them, depending on the force produced being attracting or repelling. Experiments can then be made by observers staying well away from the electric field.
Looking into the affected space, the outside observer will detect an increase in size and a corresponding slowing down of time if the electric field is repelling, and the opposite effect if the electric field is attracting.
Even the electric constant for permittivity will remain unchanged. This is because time and distance is used to determine this constant. The only possible ways to detect a difference is for the local observer to either look out of his reference frame, in which case he will see thing around him having changed size and speed, or he has to count the number of neutrinos in a given volume of space, in which case he will discover a difference.
The casual observer, discovering a local change in number of neutrinos may very well conclude that neutrinos have no physical function. After all, the observer cannot see anything locally to suggest something is going on. However, once the observer looks out of his reference space he may realize the connection between what is happening and the density of neutrinos measured.
If the number of neutrinos in a given volume of space has increased, things around the observer will have become smaller and more frantic. If there is a detectable decrease in local neutrinos, things around the observer will look bigger and more sluggish.
The effect of an increase or decrease in neutrinos can only be detected when measured relative to another space. The easiest way to do this is to set up an electric field. This will increase or decrease the number of neutrinos in the affected region by either trapping them or expelling them, depending on the force produced being attracting or repelling. Experiments can then be made by observers staying well away from the electric field.
Looking into the affected space, the outside observer will detect an increase in size and a corresponding slowing down of time if the electric field is repelling, and the opposite effect if the electric field is attracting.
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| Neutrinos communicating the electric force |
Monday, September 11, 2017
Thinking in Relative Terms
Having messed about with a few ideas concerning time and space, I think I finally had a bit of a breakthrough in the post on how to measure distance.
When neutrinos are added to a system, things swell up. At the same time, the clicks of the clock slow down.
For the local observer, himself swelling up and slowing down, nothing noticeable happens. Everything stays the same. Even the speed of light, measured with the swelled-up ruler is the same, because the slowed down clock lets photons run the entire stretch of the ruler with the exact same number of clicks as before.
The key to understanding this is to think in terms of local reference frames. There is the outside observer, with his clock and ruler, and there is the local observer with another clock and ruler.
Also, the way we think of time has to be correct.
Time is the clicks of the clock, and nothing else. There is no absolute time.
The way we can construct a clock is by putting a photon inside a confined space, such as an atomic nucleus. Every time the photon hits a wall, there is a click.
When neutrinos are added to a system, things swell up. At the same time, the clicks of the clock slow down.
For the local observer, himself swelling up and slowing down, nothing noticeable happens. Everything stays the same. Even the speed of light, measured with the swelled-up ruler is the same, because the slowed down clock lets photons run the entire stretch of the ruler with the exact same number of clicks as before.
The key to understanding this is to think in terms of local reference frames. There is the outside observer, with his clock and ruler, and there is the local observer with another clock and ruler.
Also, the way we think of time has to be correct.
Time is the clicks of the clock, and nothing else. There is no absolute time.
The way we can construct a clock is by putting a photon inside a confined space, such as an atomic nucleus. Every time the photon hits a wall, there is a click.
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| Photon traversing an electron |
When the nucleus swells up due to more neutrinos pushing the walls apart, the distance between the clicks becomes larger in exact proportion to the increase in distance between the walls.
This is in essence why the speed of light remains the same regardless of reference frame.
When things swell up, the clicks of the clock become more stretched out too. If it took hundred clicks of the local clock for a photon to travel down the length of a local ruler before everything swelled up, it still takes a hundred clicks of the local clock for the same photon to travel down the same ruler after it swelled up.
This is in essence why the speed of light remains the same regardless of reference frame.
When things swell up, the clicks of the clock become more stretched out too. If it took hundred clicks of the local clock for a photon to travel down the length of a local ruler before everything swelled up, it still takes a hundred clicks of the local clock for the same photon to travel down the same ruler after it swelled up.
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| Electron swelling to produce slower clock |
How to Measure Distance
In the absence of neutrinos everything shrinks, and ordinary matter and photons melt together into a single block of matter that resonate in harmony.
To an outside observer, the space lacking in neutrino becomes a single particle moving at the speed of light. The speed of light inside the space appears to have stopped.
Conversely, if a space is subjected to a strong repelling electric force so that there becomes an over-abundance of neutrinos in that space, things become bigger. The outside observer will see things grow.
To a local observer, everything look the same because the observer grows too. The observer's clock changes a little due to the increased space. It ticks a little slower, because the photons inside have farther to travel from one point to another. However, this slowing down is only observed from the outside. No such change can be detected locally.
There is no way for the local observer to detect that the ruler has grown, because the observer has grown too, and the clocks, both biological and mechanical have slowed down correspondingly.
Measuring the speed of light, the local observer sees no change in anything.
Also, if an outside observer uses the local clock and yardstick to calculate the speed of light, there is no change. The increase in length of the yardstick is compensated for by the slowing down of the clock.
Using the outside clock and yardstick, the outside observer registers a change in the local time and distance. However, when applied to the speed of light inside the local space, the outside yardstick and clock end up with the exact same speed of light as measured using the local yardstick and clock.
When it comes to the relationship between distance and time, it does not matter whether the measuring equipment is local or external. The distance traveled by light during one click of a clock is always the same, provided both the clock and the yardstick are in the same frame of reference.
This is why the speed of light is a constant, no matter which reference frame we use.
The practical consequence of this is that we can always measure distance by the use of a laser and a clock.
To an outside observer, the space lacking in neutrino becomes a single particle moving at the speed of light. The speed of light inside the space appears to have stopped.
Conversely, if a space is subjected to a strong repelling electric force so that there becomes an over-abundance of neutrinos in that space, things become bigger. The outside observer will see things grow.
To a local observer, everything look the same because the observer grows too. The observer's clock changes a little due to the increased space. It ticks a little slower, because the photons inside have farther to travel from one point to another. However, this slowing down is only observed from the outside. No such change can be detected locally.
There is no way for the local observer to detect that the ruler has grown, because the observer has grown too, and the clocks, both biological and mechanical have slowed down correspondingly.
Measuring the speed of light, the local observer sees no change in anything.
Also, if an outside observer uses the local clock and yardstick to calculate the speed of light, there is no change. The increase in length of the yardstick is compensated for by the slowing down of the clock.
Using the outside clock and yardstick, the outside observer registers a change in the local time and distance. However, when applied to the speed of light inside the local space, the outside yardstick and clock end up with the exact same speed of light as measured using the local yardstick and clock.
When it comes to the relationship between distance and time, it does not matter whether the measuring equipment is local or external. The distance traveled by light during one click of a clock is always the same, provided both the clock and the yardstick are in the same frame of reference.
This is why the speed of light is a constant, no matter which reference frame we use.
The practical consequence of this is that we can always measure distance by the use of a laser and a clock.
How to Measure Time
When Michael Faraday observed that photons get polarized in the presence of a magnetic field, he concluded that this was but one effect of magnetism. What he did not realize, was that he was in fact observing magnetism itself. Polarized light is magnetism. Polarized light is not merely a consequence of magnetism.
The same argument can be made about time. Most people would argue that an atomic clock measures time. Very few would say that the clicks of an atomic clock is time. However, it may well be that most people are wrong about time in the same way that Faraday was wrong about magnetism.
It may well be that the clicks of an atomic clock is in fact time. In fact, if very carefully constructed, any precise measurement of time is time. A spring clock, precisely crafted, is not merely measuring time, the ticks of such a clock is time.
Just like magnetism is the coordinated spin of photons, time is photons doing work on inertial matter.
Any device that accurately portrays work done on inertial matter is a representative for the concept of time.
Increase the number of photons inside such a device, and time will speed up. Reduce the number of photons, and time will slow down.
Put a bunch of rats inside a strong attracting magnetic field, and see them live longer than a test group of rats outside of the field (provided the field itself does not kill the rats, of course).
Make the field repelling, and the rats inside the field live shorter.
Put our finely crafted spring clock inside the magnetic field, and note that the rats inside the field live equally long as the ones outside the field when measured with the local clock.
There is no time outside the clock. Biologic, mechanic or radioactive, it makes no difference. Time is photons doing work inside the clock, just like magnetism is polarized photons.
Consequently, there is no such thing as absolute time. Time is always measured by a clock. When we say that time speeds up, it is relative to an outside clock. It is not relative to an imaginary absolute clock.
Note that a consequence of increasing the number of photons in a space is that neutrinos are expelled. The increased speed of a clock's ticks correspond therefore to a reduction in space. Measuring the speed of light by using a local clock and yardstick would therefore result in no change.
The same argument can be made about time. Most people would argue that an atomic clock measures time. Very few would say that the clicks of an atomic clock is time. However, it may well be that most people are wrong about time in the same way that Faraday was wrong about magnetism.
It may well be that the clicks of an atomic clock is in fact time. In fact, if very carefully constructed, any precise measurement of time is time. A spring clock, precisely crafted, is not merely measuring time, the ticks of such a clock is time.
Just like magnetism is the coordinated spin of photons, time is photons doing work on inertial matter.
Any device that accurately portrays work done on inertial matter is a representative for the concept of time.
Increase the number of photons inside such a device, and time will speed up. Reduce the number of photons, and time will slow down.
Put a bunch of rats inside a strong attracting magnetic field, and see them live longer than a test group of rats outside of the field (provided the field itself does not kill the rats, of course).
Make the field repelling, and the rats inside the field live shorter.
Put our finely crafted spring clock inside the magnetic field, and note that the rats inside the field live equally long as the ones outside the field when measured with the local clock.
There is no time outside the clock. Biologic, mechanic or radioactive, it makes no difference. Time is photons doing work inside the clock, just like magnetism is polarized photons.
Consequently, there is no such thing as absolute time. Time is always measured by a clock. When we say that time speeds up, it is relative to an outside clock. It is not relative to an imaginary absolute clock.
Note that a consequence of increasing the number of photons in a space is that neutrinos are expelled. The increased speed of a clock's ticks correspond therefore to a reduction in space. Measuring the speed of light by using a local clock and yardstick would therefore result in no change.
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| Photon traversing an electron |
Sunday, September 10, 2017
Photons in the Absence of Neutrinos
While it is fairly easy to picture what happens in a space with no photons, it is considerably more difficult to imagine what happens in a space with no neutrinos.
Neutrinos are associated with space. When they are removed from a space, everything becomes smaller, including the space itself.
However, if we leave the photons inside, the space does not completely disappear. The photons occupy space, so they will prevent the space from collapsing completely.
But there will be no space between the photons. The photons will start to vibrate wildly inside the crammed space. Presumably, they will start to oscillate in harmony with each other.
Any ordinary matter trapped inside the space will oscillate in harmony with the photons.
The space becomes a rigid block of ordinary matter and photons oscillating in harmony with each other.
Relative to a local ruler inside the space, the photons no longer move. The local speed of light inside a space with no neutrinos is zero.
Neutrinos are associated with space. When they are removed from a space, everything becomes smaller, including the space itself.
However, if we leave the photons inside, the space does not completely disappear. The photons occupy space, so they will prevent the space from collapsing completely.
But there will be no space between the photons. The photons will start to vibrate wildly inside the crammed space. Presumably, they will start to oscillate in harmony with each other.
Any ordinary matter trapped inside the space will oscillate in harmony with the photons.
The space becomes a rigid block of ordinary matter and photons oscillating in harmony with each other.
Relative to a local ruler inside the space, the photons no longer move. The local speed of light inside a space with no neutrinos is zero.
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