Energy

So it appears that time is a quantity intimately tied to the photon, and the reason for this is that the photon is a carrier of energy, and therefore able to perform work.

Without anything happening, time stops. An observer watching a space void of photons will note that nothing happens. An observer inside a space virtually void of photons will note that everything around him or her happens at an accelerated pace.

The photon is tied up to time through its ability to carry energy.

The neutrino on the other hand, carries no energy, or so little of it that it can be ignored.

How then, is it possible for the neutrino to be associated with the electric and gravitational force?

The answer to this lies in the fact that some changes do not require any change in energy, and gravity is a prime example of this.

Let us consider a rock held in the hand of a person.

The person can throw the rock up in the air by giving it some of his or her energy.

The energy to send the rock up comes from the person. It is communicated via photons.

Then the rock moves upwards. But gravity pulls it down to Earth again.

It appears that gravity is performing work. However, no work is done. Energy is simply changing its form from kinetic to potential, and then back to kinetic as the rock comes back to Earth.

As far as the rock is concerned, no energy is added or subtracted during its flight. It was only at the start of its journey that energy was added to it, and it is only at the end that energy is lost as the rock hits Earth, sending photons in all directions.

Something to the same effect is happening inside electric fields. There is no energy in the field itself. If there is any energy given to any object affected by the field, it is given to these objects by external contributors.

Neutrinos do not communicate energy. Only photons do this. However, there is a lot of action that can take place without any energy being applied. The trick is to identify the cases in which energy is required and the cases where it's not. If energy is required, photons have to be present in order to communicate it.

This means that a rock will fall to the ground, even if there is no time. An observer dropping a rock into a room void of photons will see the rock falling while at the same time observing that time has stopped.

It will appear as if the rock is moving at an infinite local speed. However, all that is happening is that the clock, which requires energy to work has stopped, while the rock, which requires no energy to accelerate continues to fall.

Also, a lone photon traveling through the same space will appear to move infinitely fast.

The conclusion to this line of reasoning can be found in the chapter on Kinetics of my latest book.

Ball falling due to gravity

Inertia at Great Speeds

At great speeds, time slows down for ordinary matter. This means that inertia increases.

Inertia is resistance to change in energy. Inertia is the time that it takes to change the energy of a piece of matter from one level to another. This is experienced by us as a sluggishness and resistance to change.

Since time slows down for a piece of matter as it moves faster, we will find ourselves frustrated in any effort to push a piece of matter ever faster. As time slows down for the accelerated piece of matter, the time it takes to change its energy level increases. We experience an increased resistance to change in energy.

At the extreme, where a piece of matter approaches the speed of light, time grinds to a halt and inertia heads for infinity.

Traveling at the Speed of Light

The atomic nucleus as described in the Velcro model is basically a balloon with neutrino pressure inside of it. There are also photons inside of it performing action.

It is the presence of photons inside of atomic nuclei that give us time.

However, if an atomic nucleus was to travel at the speed of light, strange things would happen. The neutrinos inside the nucleus, themselves traveling at the speed of light, would no longer be able to produce pressure in the direction of the nucleus' motion.

Neutrinos moving in the same direction as the nucleus would never reach the front of the nucleus to produce pressure. Neutrinos moving the other way would tend to vacate the nucleus.

An atomic nucleus traveling at the speed of light would be completely flat with no space inside of it for either neutrinos or photons. Time would stop.

This is why ordinary matter cannot travel at the speed of light. No matter how much energy we spend trying to speed up an atomic nucleus that travels at the speed of light, nothing will happen. Time has stopped for the nucleus, so no action to it is possible.

This means that when we speed up matter towards the speed of light, it becomes flatter. This is precisely what Einstein predicted in his theory. However, this has nothing to do with space as such. It has to do with the neutrinos inside atomic nuclei.

Again, we see that the Velcro model yields the same results as conventional theory. Not only is the sub-atomic possible to explain using the Velcro model. Relativistic effects can be explained as well.

Photon traversing a moving particle of ordinary matter

Understanding Space and Time

Note: These are some of my initial thoughts on space and time. I have since refined this into a more concise model that leaves out any talk of radioactive decay. In my final analysis, both space and time become properties related to the aether and its interaction with inertial matter. This is explained in full in my book on aether physics.

A three dimensional particle

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Space and time are relative terms. We always measure a distance relative to a ruler, and we always measure time relative to a clock.

There's no way around this. There simply does not exist any truly objective standard, and herein lies the clue to understanding the relative nature of space and time.

Since radioactive decay is the most precise way we have to measure time, we can use the Velcro model of the atomic nucleus to illustrate how time is related to the presence of photons.

Imagine a radioactive nucleus under normal conditions. This can be imagined as a large swollen balloon, full of neutrino pressure.

Mixed in among the neutrinos are zero-point photons with sufficient energy to do some work. They are the sledgehammers, so to speak. They bounce about inside the nucleus, ready to tear out a bit of it at any time, thereby producing a click of the clock.

If we now subject our nuclear clock to a repulsive magnetic force, the number of zero-point photons inside the nuclei increase. This is explained in the chapter on magnetic fields in the book on the Velcro model.

There is an increase in sledgehammers. The radioactivity of the nuclei increase, and we register this in our clock as a speeding up of time.

Note that time speeds up for the clock inside the repelling magnetic force, relative to ourselves who stay safely outside the magnetic field. Time has increased for the clock, but not for us.

It is important to note that this is not merely a trick to make radioactive stuff more radioactive. It is a mechanism for increasing action in general. All things inside a strong repelling magnetic field will display a speeding up of time. This includes mechanical clocks, animals and humans.

The reason for this is that any action requires the presence of photons. When there is an increase in photons, things happen quicker, relative to an external observer.

Conversely, if we put our clock in a strong attracting force, there will be fewer photons inside the nuclei. There are fewer sledgehammers, and demolition takes more time. Clicks of the clock become less frequent. Time slows down.

In an extreme case, where all photons have been sucked out of a region, there can be no action. The particles carrying the energy required for work have all exited, and time grinds to a halt.

Time is in other words dependent on the availability of photons. The more photons a region holds, the more action there is.

Similarly, space is also a relative term.

We can measure space with the size of atoms. However, the size of an atom depends on the availability of neutrinos. With more neutrinos inside the nuclei of atoms, the nuclei expand, and electrons bouncing off of them can bounce higher. Molecular bindings happen farther out.

Everything grows when there is an increase in neutrinos. A ruler, placed inside a strong repelling electric field becomes bigger.

Conversely, in a strong attracting electric field, the number of neutrinos decrease. The atomic nuclei shrink. The electrons bounce about closer to the nuclei, and molecular bindings become shorter. Everything shrinks, and we register that space has become smaller.

Relative to an outside observer, rulers expand and contract in response to changes in the electric field, and time speeds up and slow down in response to changes in the magnetic field.

Prediction Confirmed?

A quick search on the internet confirms the prediction I made about time slowing down in the presence of a strong attracting magnetic filed, and speeding up in the presence of a strong repelling magnetic field.

Because the speed of light is related through the constant C (speed of light), the effect goes for electric fields as well.

I still have to look more into this, but my first reading of documents available on the web appear to support the predictions made by the Velcro model.

Conditions at the Extremes

Careful reading of the chapter on Coulomb's law in my book reveals to the reader that things will actually start behaving different from Coulomb's law under extreme conditions.

In the chapter, I deliberately use an enormous grid and very few neutrinos in order to explain the electrical force. This is because a large number of neutrinos coming together through a small grid would not produce Coulomb's law. It would produce a much more elaborate probability function.

Grid used to explain Coulomb's Law

Let us for simplicity say that the grid is only 2 by 2 holes large, and that 1 neutrino was launched from each side. That would give us a 1 in 4 chance of a collision.

However, if we increase the neutrino bombardment to be 3 from each side, the net result is obviously not going to give us more than 1 in probability, which we would get if we simply multiplied 3 by 3 and divided it by 4, as Coulomb's law would have us do.

Therefore, under extreme conditions, the effectiveness of increasing the charge of two plates will be lower than Coulomb's law predicts.

The same is probably true about the equation that relates the speed of light to electric permittivity and the magnetic constant.

Under normal conditions, the speed of light is a direct function of the availability of neutrinos and photons. From this, it was possible to derive the astonishing result that there would be no space if there are no neutrinos, and that there would be no time in the absence of photons.

But surely, the space between neutrinos and photons cannot be completely space-less and timeless. The particles are moving at the speed of light through this empty void. The correct interpretations of the formula for the speed of light may therefore more correctly be that there can be no registered time in the absence of photons, and no measurable distance in the absence of neutrinos.

Also, under extreme conditions, the relationship between the speed of light and the forces of nature may break down in much the same way that the Velcro model predicts that Coulomb's law will break down in the presence of extreme numbers of neutrinos.

Electron in an aether of zero-point particles

Why Time Goes Slower in Space

It is a known fact that time goes slower in space than on Earth, and the conventional explanation for this is derived from Einstein's theory of relativity, in which a curvature of space-time induces this effect.

However, an explanation can also be derived from the aether as described in the Velcro model.

In the Velcro model, time is dependent on the availability of photons in the aether. Since photons are attracted to massive bodies, they must be more plentiful near the surface of massive bodies than in space. This is a matter of density, and has nothing to do with any curvature of space-time.

The difference in how time progresses on Earth and in space is a consequence of the fact that photons are more plentiful close to Earth than in space.

An experiment that can be set up to see if it is the Velcro model or Einstein's curved space-time that is correct is one in which a clock is placed inside a magnetic field. Compared to a clock placed outside the field, there should be a measurable difference.

If the force is attracting, there is under-pressure of photons inside the field, and time should go slower. If the force is repelling, there is over-pressure of photons inside the field, and time should go faster.

Conversely, we have for the electric field that a repelling force should slow time and an attracting force should speed it up.

Clock

By Mettness, CC BY-SA 3.0, Link